Joseph Fitzmyer notes that Paul's own concern lay with the origin of death, not with the origin of sin. The patristic writers appealed to Romans 5:12 specifically as the revealed source on the origin of sin. Michelangelo's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling
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Instead, the Catholic Church declares that "Baptism, by imparting the life of Christ's grace, erases original sin and turns a man back towards God, but the consequences for nature, weakened and inclined to evil, persist in man and summon him to spiritual battle", and that "weakened and diminished by Adam's fall, free will is yet not destroyed in the race." The Jansenist movement, which the Roman Catholic Church declared heretical in 1653, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will. Modern Augustinian Calvinism holds this view. Īugustine's formulation of original sin became popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom to do good, proposing that original sin involved a loss of free will except to sin. Influenced by Augustine, the councils of Carthage (411-418 c.E.) and Orange (529 c.E.) brought theological speculation about original sin into the official lexicon of the Church.
Augustine fixed the meaning of the basic terms of the doctrine. The belief began to emerge in the 3rd century, but only became fully formed with the writings of Augustine of Hippo (354–430), who was the first author to use the phrase "original sin" ( Latin: peccatum originale).
The biblical bases for the belief are generally found in Genesis 3 (the story of the expusion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden), a line in psalm 51:5 ("I was brought forth in iniqtuity, and in sin did my mother conceive me"), and in Paul's Epsitle to the Romans, 5:12-21 ("Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned.) Original sin is the Christian doctrine which holds that humans, through the fact of birth, inherit a tainted nature in need of regeneration and a proclivity to sinful conduct. Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve ( The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens)
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